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http://www.psychologytoday.com/basics/dopamine
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that helps control the brain's reward and pleasure centers. Dopamine also helps regulate movement and emotional responses, and it enables us not only to see rewards, but to take action to move toward them. Dopamine deficiency results in Parkinson's Disease, and people with low dopamine activity may be more prone to addiction. The presence of a certain kind of dopamine receptor is also associated with sensation-seeking.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine#Diseases_and_disorders
"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Altered dopamine neurotransmission is implicated in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a condition associated with impaired ability to regulate attention, behavior, and/or impulses. There are some genetic links between dopamine receptors, the dopamine transporter and ADHD,[32] in addition to links to other neurotransmitter receptors and transporters. The most important relationship between dopamine and ADHD involves the drugs that are used to treat ADHD. Some of the most effective therapeutic agents for ADHD are psychostimulants such as methylphenidate (Ritalin) and amphetamine, drugs that increase both dopamine and norepinephrine levels in brain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
"Norepinephrine (INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE), also called noradrenaline (BAN) (abbreviated NA, NAd, or norad), or 4,5-β-trihydroxy phenethylamine is a catecholamine with multiple roles including those as a hormone and a neurotransmitter.[1] It is the hormone and neurotransmitter most responsible for vigilant concentration in contrast to its most chemically similar hormone, dopamine, which is most responsible for cognitive alertness
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norepinephrine
Neurotransmitters
Previously it was thought that the elevated number of dopamine transporters in people with ADHD was part of the pathophysiology but it appears that the elevated numbers are due to adaptation to exposure to stimulants.[88] People with ADHD may have a low arousal threshold and compensate for this with increased stimuli, which in turn results in disruption of attention and increases hyperactive behavior. The reason for this is due to abnormalities in how the dopamine system responds to stimulation.[89] There may additionally be abnormalities in the adrenergic, serotoninergic and cholinergic or nicotinergic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adderall
Adderall[note 1] is a psychostimulant pharmaceutical drugs of the phenethylamine class used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy. Adderall is also used as a performance and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant. The medication is a mixture of amphetamine stereoisomer salts and inactive ingredients. By salt content, the active ingredients are 75% dextroamphetamine salts (the dextrorotary or "right-handed" enantiomer) and 25% levoamphetamine salts (the levorotary or "left-handed" enantiomer).[note 2][sources 1]
Adderall works by increasing activity of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, namely norepinephrine and dopamine, which results from its interactions with trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2). Adderall shares many chemical and pharmacological properties with the human trace amine neurotransmiters, especially phenethylamine and N-methylphenethylamine, the latter being an isomer of amphetamine that is produced within the human body
This thread is full of people that have not completed due diligence in regards to what kind of effect Adderall could have on the athlete that does not have a MEDICAL need for Adderall. I am, by no means, a doctor, I have experimented with many nootropics and psychoactive drugs. Also, please understand that I have NEVER been diagnosed with ADD or ADHD or any other medical need for these drugs. In addition to that, I was a staunch supporter of the ECA (Ephedrine, caffeine, aspirin) stack in the early 2000s and while not on the level of Adderall, Ephedrine does work on many of the same pathways that Adderall does. I can attest to the fact that these drugs ABSOLUTELY DO increase alertness, focus and, without a doubt. That said, they also increase cardio capability and decrease muscle fatigue during use, as all of these effects are cumulative.
Please keep in mind that James Stewart would not be taking Adderall if he didn't think it would improve his quality of life. Thats an UNDENIABLE fact. Also, a TUE is, from what I know from the MMA world, very difficult to get. James may have focus problems and it is possible that he does not have ADHD, but post concussion problems....
http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=482564
Depressed mood is frequently reported by individuals who have sustained a cerebral concussion,17,18 but little is known about the neural substrate of this alteration in mood state. Herein, we report differences in neural activity in athletes with concussion and symptoms of depression, athletes with concussion without symptoms of depression, and normal control subjects. Functional MRI results showed that those athletes with concussion and mild symptoms of depression had fewer task-related BOLD signal increases in the prefrontal region and striatum, and this reduced activation was even more pronounced in those with moderate symptoms of depression. Similar findings have been reported by McAllister and colleagues19- 21 in a series of fMRI studies using n-back tasks. In these studies, patients with mild head injury showed less task-related brain activity than the control group when comparing 1-back vs 0-back conditions. Interestingly, patients with head injury showed a greater increase in brain activation when working memory demand increased (ie, 2-back vs 1-back) relative to the control subjects. In the present study, working memory tasks that required active monitoring and manipulation of information activated the DLPC, striatum, and thalamus in healthy subjects. These areas are known to be involved in the performance of such tasks. Dopaminergic input into the striatum and frontal cortex plays a major regulatory role in neural activity in these areas and there is considerable evidence pointing to the role of the dopaminergic system in depression. These include reports of reduction of the dopamine level in patients with depression
And why does everyone think he's gonna get penalized harshly if he has the proper evidence to show he was legit? There's just no way. Stop worrying.
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Even "the Eyes of the Law" do not consider everyone a criminal when they break a law.
There are three main degrees of laws that can be broken and assigned the appropriate level of punishment or not to each.
Infractions (sometimes called violations) are petty offenses that are punishable by small fines only. Traffic offenses are the most common form of infraction. (But note that some states consider certain kinds of infractions like traffic tickets to be civil, rather than criminal, offenses.)
Misdemeanors are criminal offenses that are punishable by up to a year in jail.
Felonies are the most serious type of criminal offense. Felonies typically involve serious physical harm (or threat of harm) to victims, but felony offenses also include white collar crimes and fraud schemes.
From State of Minnesota: Petty Misdemeanor - Fine of up to $300. Not a crime because incarceration is not an allowable sanction. (Most traffic violations)
My point of this is James would have been 100% fine if he had the TUE in place at the appropriate time. to help your myopic view I will give you an example.
You get pulled over by the CHP for expired car registration tags,(you swore your wife sent the payment in) you receive a ticket for the infraction, you pay your registration plus maybe a late fee and all is well and fine. You are not in any way consider a criminal.
The sport is too small and does not have many "bankable" racers to prop up the sport and this whole fiasco will take years to get back to normal.
James Stewart is the "Shoeless" Joe Jackson of today.
He'll bounce back fine
It's one of the reasons why I feel that Drug testing in MX/SX is a bad thing. The innocent will always be guilty in Hateful peoples eyes.
It was his example I used. Personally I would've use the comparison of maybe a car thief versus a murderer.
The fact is VERY few mental disorders have any biological basis whatsoever, ADD included. People are diagnosed with things like add and other so called mental disorders based on a short conversation and maybe a few bs unscientific "tests". Then, people who arent actually doctors consult their little fairy tale book the dsm (demonic possession one of many VERY real diagnoses listed in dsm), diagnose, and prescribe powerful pharmaceutical drugs that completely hijack your brain.
Of course many people have trouble concentrating in school for 7 hours or on hw thats irrelevant to their lives...our brains were never meant to do that stuff. That doesnt mean somethings wrong with you and you need powerful drugs to make you "better." And if they do help you, which they can, there is no such thing as a biological free lunch...aka mess with your brain, there will always be consequences.
As for stewart, anyone whos taken an adderal knows the kind of highly focused energy it gives you. No way that isnt performance enhancing.
Literally one of the dumbest statements I've read after this fiasco. Is there anyone with the slightest amount of common sense in this sport. HELLO? Anyone?
Think I remember somewhere reading in a health journal that their more holistic version of healthcare means that they don't recognise hyperactive kids as having a mental issue but more a case of what they're eating, stimulation and all that sort of thing. Interesting.
Everyone here, there, and "most" everywhere are all working on speculation, and without direct facts. That makes each statement pure opinion, and mostly low value no matter how convincing.
If there are consequences to come from this, it will change our little sport forever..
I'm curious, anyone else notice there are multiple obvious absences from our outdoor series? Kinda makes me wonder...
Since I don't have any facts on James situation, why he made certain choices, I'll just hope that we have great racing the rest of the season, and the riders following proper protocol get the benefit of the doubt on the track and in the meeting rooms.
Pit Row
People who say it doesnt exist havnt had the pleasure of dealing with a brain that literally cant lock in and get the bulk of lifes tasks done without an exteme amount of effort...an exhausting amount of effort.
You getting the torches and pitchforks ready? Why not let the facts play out on their own.
I was diagnosed with ADD about five or six years ago by my psychologist at the time. On my first visit. At the time, I actually didn’t believe ADD was a real thing. I kept hearing about kids being put on medications, and it honestly bothered me. But I was struggling with getting my work done on time, and I would spend whole days sitting at my computer and not getting much of anything done unless the deadline was in an hour. My wife would come home every day and I’d still be at my computer (where I’d often stay until 10 p.m. or later), and I had a fear of getting up from my computer, because I was afraid I wouldn’t get my work done – even though I wasn’t getting my work done while I was sitting there. It was causing problems in my life, and my mom recommended that I see her psychologist. I had never been to a psychologist prior to that.
... but I don't for a second think I've got ADD/ADHD.
When I'm faced with work that doesn't inspire me I simply a become lazy and unmotivated, I think everybody does don't they, especially if their job involves sitting at a computer all day. Searching the internet becomes the perfect way to waste time procrastinating while looking at irrelevant crap. There's no one around to regulate your working pattern when you work from home, you can do what you like, but the more work you put off the more pressure and stress you'll invite. To me that isn't a physcological disorder, it's just about managing a certain level of self control and maintaining a good work ethic. I'm guilty of it right now even, because I should be working instead of writing this.
The questions that were supposedly put to Steve by his psychologist sound as though he was painting a picture of a completely normal male, surely if you were to ask 100 guys exactly the same questions a large percentage of them would concurr with just about everything he asked. Does that mean that most males have ADD/ADHD, or is it just the way that guys are naturally? I would suggest that it's probably the latter.
Steve, this isn't a loaded question (I imagine the answer will be yes) but can you honestly say that medication has helped you. If so, do you think that most people could benefit from it too?
I am actually referring more to JS7 Entertainment when I say team in this case....the team of folks around him that handle his business.
"The questions that were supposedly put to Steve by his psychologist sound as though he was painting a picture of a completely normal male and surely if you were to ask 100 guys exactly the same questions I dare say a large percentage of people would concurr with everything he asked. Does that mean that most males must have ADD/ADHD, or is it just the way that guys are? I would suggest that it's probably the latter."
Men are more likely to have ADD, how much more so I'm uncertain. It probably explains why 2/3 of college graduates now are women. It takes a lot of focus on boring stuff to get through school.
OMG....!
If I read all those posts, I really come to the conclusion that 80% of you are using that stuff or something else! If that's fine with you, then please give it to your kids! You should be ambarrassed of yourself, that makes me really wonder what's going on in your heads! Is there a light in there???
He used stuff that clearly helps people perform better. He knew the rules, he and his team had the chance toget this straight. But he didn't...
This really makes me wonder what happened to our sport, where the man counts more then the machine...?
If guys like you act like you write here...
And Cox is just that, another drug head!
He once wrote an article in RacerX I believe, where he suggested to open all stuff for everyone to get a level playing field.
He should get to guy on the corner and give himself the last shot, stupid b....
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